UNIT-1: Revisiting AI Project Cycle & Ethical Frameworks for AI(TEXT BOOK SOLUTION)
Objective type questions
1. What is the purpose of defining the problem statement during the Problem Scoping stage in an AI project cycle?
A) To collect data
B) To understand the aim and objective of the project
C) To train the model
D) To process data
✅ Answer: B) To understand the aim and objective of the project
The problem statement helps to set the goal and make the aim of the AI project clear.
2. In what ways can AI models be categorized based on the type of data fed into them?
A) Two domains
B) Four domains
C) Three domains
D) Five domains
✅ Answer: C) Three domains
AI models are grouped into three domains – Statistical Data, Computer Vision, and Natural Language Processing.
3. In Statistical Data, what is the primary function of the system in relation to data?
A) Generating large datasets
B) Analyzing data to extract insights
C) Converting data into images
D) Distributing data across networks
✅ Answer: B) Analyzing data to extract insights
The system collects and studies large amounts of data to find useful information.
4. What is the main goal of Computer Vision projects?
A) Translating audio data into visual descriptions
B) Converting digital data into analogue signals
C) Teaching machines to understand textual information
D) Converting digital visual data into computer-readable language
✅ Answer: D) Converting digital visual data into computer-readable language
Computer Vision helps machines understand pictures and videos by converting them into data a computer can read.
5. What is the primary focus of NLP?
A) Analyzing computer languages
B) Interacting between computers and humans using artificial language
C) Dealing with the interaction between computers and humans using natural language
D) Enhancing human-to-human communication
✅ Answer: C) Dealing with the interaction between computers and humans using natural language
NLP (Natural Language Processing) allows computers to understand and respond to human languages.
6. What do frameworks provide in the context of problem-solving?
A) Random solutions
B) Step-by-step guidance
C) Legal advice
D) Ethical justifications
✅ Answer: B) Step-by-step guidance
Frameworks guide us to solve problems in an organized and systematic way.
7. How are Ethical Frameworks for AI categorized?
A) Into legal and illegal frameworks
B) Into sector-based and value-based frameworks
C) Into historical and contemporary frameworks
D) Into theoretical and practical frameworks
✅ Answer: B) Into sector-based and value-based frameworks
AI ethics frameworks are grouped by sectors (like healthcare) and by values (like rights or virtues).
8. What is the central focus of virtue-based value-based frameworks?
A) Maximizing utility
B) Protecting human rights
C) Aligning actions with ethical principles and beliefs
D) Ensuring compliance with legal regulations
✅ Answer: C) Aligning actions with ethical principles and beliefs
Virtue-based frameworks focus on the moral character and intentions behind actions.
9. Which of the following best describes rights-based value-based frameworks?
A) Prioritizing human rights and dignity, valuing human life over other considerations
B) Evaluating actions based on maximizing overall good and minimizing harm
C) Centering on the character of the decision-maker and the alignment of actions with personal or societal virtues
D) Focusing on achieving outcomes that offer the greatest benefit
✅ Answer: A) Prioritizing human rights and dignity, valuing human life over other considerations
This framework protects people’s rights and dignity before any other interest.
10. What is the primary domain of application for Bioethics?
A) Agriculture
B) Healthcare and life sciences
C) Information technology
D) Environmental conservation
✅ Answer: B) Healthcare and life sciences
Bioethics deals with moral issues in medicine and biological research.
11. Assertion: Ethics provide guidance in distinguishing right from wrong.
Reasoning: Ethics consist of a set of values and morals that aid individuals in making moral judgments and decisions.
A) Both Assertion and Reasoning are true, and Reasoning is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
B) Assertion is true, but Reasoning is false.
C) Both Assertion and Reasoning are true, but Reasoning is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.
D) Assertion is false, but Reasoning is true.
✅ Answer: A) Both are true, and Reasoning correctly explains the Assertion.
Ethics help us decide right from wrong because they are based on values and morals.
12. Assertion: Value-based frameworks in ethics provide guidance by focusing on fundamental ethical principles and values.
Reasoning: These frameworks reflect different moral philosophies guiding ethical reasoning and are concerned with assessing the moral worth of actions.
A) Both Assertion and Reasoning are true, and Reasoning is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
B) Assertion is true, but Reasoning is false.
C) Both Assertion and Reasoning are true, but Reasoning is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.
D) Assertion is false, but Reasoning is true.
✅ Answer: A) Both are true, and Reasoning correctly explains the Assertion.
Value-based frameworks use moral principles to judge whether actions are ethically right or wrong.
Reflection Time
1. Outline the main steps in the AI Project Cycle briefly.
✅ Answer:
The AI Project Cycle has six main stages:
- Problem Scoping – Identify the problem and define the goal of the project.
- Data Acquisition – Collect data from different reliable sources.
- Data Exploration – Study and understand the data using charts, graphs, or visuals.
- Modelling – Choose and build the best model to solve the problem.
- Evaluation – Test the model and check how well it works.
- Deployment – Apply the model in the real world to solve the problem effectively.
2. What roles does computer vision play in agricultural monitoring systems?
✅ Answer:
Computer Vision helps in agriculture by:
- Monitoring crop health using images from drones or cameras.
- Detecting pests or diseases in crops.
- Estimating crop yield and improving farming methods.
3. Mention the factors which knowingly or unknowingly influence our decision-making.
✅ Answer:
The factors that affect our decisions are:
- Culture
- Religion
- Values of humans and non-humans
- Intuition and personal morals
4. What is the necessity for Ethical Frameworks in AI development?
✅ Answer:
Ethical frameworks are needed to:
- Ensure AI makes fair and moral decisions.
- Avoid bias and unintended harm.
- Build trustworthy and responsible AI systems.
5. Mention the key characteristics of sector-based frameworks.
✅ Answer:
- They are specific to industries or sectors like healthcare or finance.
- They help address ethical concerns within that field.
- Bioethics is a common example used in healthcare.
6. What do you mean by Bioethics?
✅ Answer:
Bioethics is an ethical framework used in healthcare and life sciences.
It helps ensure that AI in medicine and biology follows moral principles like:
- Respect for autonomy (right to decide),
- Do not harm,
- Provide maximum benefit, and
- Ensure justice.
7. What is Natural Language Processing? Explain any two real-life applications of NLP.
✅ Answer:
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a branch of AI that helps computers understand and interact with humans using natural languages like English or Hindi.
Two real-life applications:
- Email filters – Separate spam and important emails.
- Machine translation – Tools like Google Translate convert text from one language to another.
8. How do value-based frameworks contribute to ethical decision-making by emphasizing fundamental principles and values?
✅ Answer:
Value-based frameworks guide people and organizations to make decisions based on ethical values and morals.
They ensure that actions:
- Protect human rights,
- Promote overall good, and
- Follow moral virtues like honesty, compassion, and fairness.
Case-Based Questions
Case 1:
Scenario:
A multinational company is being criticized for harming the environment by dumping industrial waste. The company focused only on profit and ignored community safety. People and investors now want the company to act responsibly and protect the environment.
Question:
Drawing from the case presented, analyze the ethical considerations surrounding the company’s environmental practices through the lens of value-based frameworks in ethics.
✅ Answer:
Using value-based frameworks, the company’s situation can be understood as follows:
- Rights-based view: The company must respect the rights of people to live in a clean and healthy environment.
- Utility-based view: The company should aim for the greatest benefit for everyone, not just profits.
- Virtue-based view: The company should show honesty, care, and responsibility towards the community and the environment.
👉 Therefore, ethical action means reducing pollution, using eco-friendly processes, and ensuring social welfare.
Case 2:
Scenario:
Farmers in a rural area use chemical pesticides to protect crops and increase yield. However, these pesticides harm the environment and people’s health. Communities and environmental groups are opposing their use.
Question:
Using the case provided, examine the ethical considerations surrounding pesticide use in the agricultural sector, applying ethical frameworks to analyze the competing interests and values at stake.
✅ Answer:
Applying ethical frameworks:
- Rights-based framework: Farmers must protect the right to health and safety of people and the environment.
- Utility-based framework: The use of pesticides should be judged by overall benefit versus harm – if it causes more harm, safer alternatives should be used.
- Virtue-based framework: Farmers should act with responsibility and care, choosing eco-friendly methods for the well-being of all.
👉 The ethical choice is to reduce chemical use and adopt sustainable, safe farming practices.